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Doctor,
Why Am I Hoarse?
What
Is Hoarseness?
Hoarseness is a general term that describes abnormal voice changes.
When hoarse, the voice may sound breathy, raspy, strained, or there
may be changes in volume (loudness) or pitch (how high or low the
voice is). The changes in sound are usually due to disorders related
to the vocal folds that are the sound producing parts of the voice
box (larynx). While breathing, the vocal folds remain apart. When
speaking or singing, they come together, and as air leaves the lungs,
they vibrate, producing sound. The more tightly the vocal folds
are held and the smaller the vocal folds, the more rapidly they
vibrate. More rapid vibration makes a higher voice pitch. Swelling
or lumps on the vocal folds prevent them from coming together properly,
which makes a change in the voice.
What
Are the Causes?
Acute Laryngitis: There are many causes of hoarseness. Fortunately,
most are not serious and tend to go away in a short period of time.
The most common causes are acute laryngitis, which usually occurs
due to swelling from a common cold, upper respiratory tract viral
infection, or irritation caused by excessive voice use such as screaming
at a sporting event or rock concert. Vocal Nodules
More prolonged hoarseness is usually due to using your voice either
too much, too loudly, or improperly over extended periods of time.
These habits can lead to vocal nodules (singers nodes), which are
callous-like growths, or may lead to polyps of the vocal folds (more
extensive swelling).
Vocal nodules are common in children and adults who raise their
voice in work or play. Uncommonly, polyps or nodules may lead to
cancer.

Gastroesophageal
reflux:
A common cause of hoarseness in older adults is gastroesophageal
reflux, when stomach acid comes up the swallowing tube (esophagus)
and irritates the vocal folds. Many patients with reflux related
changes of voice do not have symptoms of heartburn. Usually, the
voice is worse in the morning and improves during the day. These
people may have a sensation of a lump in their throat, mucous sticking
in their throat or an excessive desire to clear their throat. Smoking:
Smoking is another cause of hoarseness. Since smoking is the major
cause of throat cancer, if smokers are hoarse, they should see an
otolaryngologist. Other Causes: Many unusual causes for hoarseness
include allergies, thyroid problems, neurological disorders, trauma
to the voice box, and occasionally, the normal menstrual cycle.
Many people experience some hoarseness with advanced age.
Who Can Treat My Hoarseness?
Hoarseness
due to a cold or flu may be evaluated by family physicians, pediatricians,
and internists (who have learned how to examine the larynx). When
hoarseness lasts longer than two weeks or has no obvious cause it
should be evaluated by an otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon
(ear, nose and throat doctor). Problems with the voice are best
managed by a team of professionals who know and understand how the
voice functions. These professionals are otolaryngologist-head and
neck surgeons, speech/language pathologists, and teachers of singing,
acting, or public speaking. Voice disorders have many different
characteristics that may give professionals a clue to the cause.
When
Should I See An Otolaryngologist?
hoarseness lasts longer than 2-3 weeks;
hoarseness is associated with any of the following symptoms: pain
not from a cold or flu, coughing up blood, difficulty swallowing,
or a lump in the neck;
loss or severe change in voice lasting longer than a few days.
How Is Hoarseness Evaluated?
An otolaryngologist will obtain a thorough history of the hoarseness
and your general health. Your doctor will usually look at the vocal
folds with a mirror placed in the back of your throat. Occasionally
a very small lighted flexible tube (fiberoptic scope) may need to
be passed through your nose (or in some cases, a rigid scope may
be used which is placed in the back of your mouth) in order to view
your vocal folds. Videotaping the examination may also help with
the analysis.
These
procedures are not uncomfortable and are well tolerated by most
patients. In some cases, special tests (known as acoustic analysis)
designed to evaluate the voice, may be recommended. These measure
voice irregularities, how the voice sounds, airflow, and other characteristics
that are helpful in establishing a diagnosis and guiding treatment.
How
Are Vocal Disorders Treated?
The treatment of hoarseness depends on the cause. Most hoarseness
can be treated by simply resting the voice or modifying how it is
used. The otolaryngologist may make some recommendations about voice
use behavior, refer the patient to other voice team members, and
in some instances recommend surgery if a lesion, such as a nodule
or polyp, is identified. Avoidance of smoking or exposure to secondhand
smoke (passive smoking) is recommended to all patients. Drinking
fluids is also helpful.
Specialists
in speech/language pathology are trained to assist patients in behavior
modification that may help eliminate some voice disorders. Sometimes,
patients have developed bad habits, such as smoking or overuse of
their voice by yelling and screaming. The speech/language pathologist
may teach patients to alter their method of speech production to
improve the sound of the voice and to resolve problems, such as
vocal nodules. When a patient's problem is specifically related
to singing, a singing teacher may help improve the patients' singing
techniques.
What
Can I Do to Prevent and Treat Mild Hoarseness?
1.
If you smoke, quit.
2. Avoid agents that dehydrate the body, such as alcohol and caffeine.
Avoid secondhand smoke.
3. Drink plenty of water.
4. Humidify your home.
5. Watch your diet–avoid spicy foods.
6. Try not to use your voice too long or too loudly.
7. Seek professional voice training.
8. Avoid speaking or singing when your voice
is injured or hoarse.
©2002 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
One Prince St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3357, 1-703-836-4444
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